diff --git a/web/src/lib/format.test.ts b/web/src/lib/format.test.ts
index d8bede5..a217884 100644
--- a/web/src/lib/format.test.ts
+++ b/web/src/lib/format.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
-import { fmtCost, fmtMoney, fmtNum, fmtTime } from './format'
+import { fmtCost, fmtDur, fmtMoney, fmtNum, fmtTime } from './format'
 
 describe('fmtCost', () => {
   it('零值为 $0', () => expect(fmtCost(0)).toBe('$0'))
@@ -26,3 +26,23 @@ describe('fmtTime', () => {
   })
   it('合法时间可解析', () => expect(fmtTime('2026-01-01T00:00:00Z')).not.toBe('-'))
 })
+
+describe('fmtDur', () => {
+  it('一分钟内用秒', () => {
+    expect(fmtDur(0)).toBe('0s')
+    expect(fmtDur(45)).toBe('45s')
+  })
+  it('分钟带余秒', () => {
+    expect(fmtDur(90)).toBe('1m30s')
+    expect(fmtDur(600)).toBe('10m')
+    expect(fmtDur(1800)).toBe('30m')
+  })
+  it('小时级', () => {
+    expect(fmtDur(7200)).toBe('2h')
+    expect(fmtDur(5400)).toBe('1h30m')
+  })
+  it('负数与小数被归一', () => {
+    expect(fmtDur(-5)).toBe('0s')
+    expect(fmtDur(59.6)).toBe('1m')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/web/src/lib/format.ts b/web/src/lib/format.ts
index 6138bb6..ad333c1 100644
--- a/web/src/lib/format.ts
+++ b/web/src/lib/format.ts
@@ -20,3 +20,18 @@ export function fmtCost(v: number): string {
   if (v < 0.01) return '$' + v.toFixed(6).replace(/0+$/, '').replace(/\.$/, '')
   return fmtMoney(v)
 }
+
+// fmtDur 秒数转人读时长：45 → 45s、90 → 1m30s、1800 → 30m、7200 → 2h。
+// 冷却从 30s 的指数退避一路到配额类的 30 分钟，直接显示秒数已经不可读。
+export function fmtDur(seconds: number): string {
+  const s = Math.max(0, Math.round(seconds))
+  if (s < 60) return `${s}s`
+  if (s < 3600) {
+    const m = Math.floor(s / 60)
+    const r = s % 60
+    return r === 0 ? `${m}m` : `${m}m${r}s`
+  }
+  const h = Math.floor(s / 3600)
+  const m = Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60)
+  return m === 0 ? `${h}h` : `${h}h${m}m`
+}
diff --git a/web/src/types.ts b/web/src/types.ts
index 85c9f44..68b91e9 100644
--- a/web/src/types.ts
+++ b/web/src/types.ts
@@ -36,8 +36,9 @@ export interface Channel {
   timeout_ms: number
   max_concurrency: number
   health_status: string
-  runtime_fails: number // 运行期连续失败次数（进程内，满 3 次进冷却）
+  runtime_fails: number // 运行期连续失败次数（进程内；满阈值进冷却，余额/配额类首次即冷却）
   cooldown_seconds: number // 运行期冷却剩余秒数，0 表示未冷却
+  cooldown_reason?: string // 最近失败原因：network | server_error | rate_limited | quota_exhausted
   enabled: boolean
   created_at: string
 }
diff --git a/web/src/views/admin/ChannelsView.vue b/web/src/views/admin/ChannelsView.vue
index 14e00ad..4377786 100644
--- a/web/src/views/admin/ChannelsView.vue
+++ b/web/src/views/admin/ChannelsView.vue
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { PhCaretDown, PhPulse, PhNotePencil, PhTrash, PhStack, PhArrowsClockwise
 import { http, errMsg } from '@/api/client'
 import { useToastStore } from '@/stores/toast'
 import { PROTOCOL_OPTIONS, protocolShort } from '@/lib/protocol'
-import { fmtCost } from '@/lib/format'
+import { fmtCost, fmtDur } from '@/lib/format'
 import ChannelModelsDrawer from '@/views/admin/ChannelModelsDrawer.vue'
 import Button from '@/components/ui/Button.vue'
 import Input from '@/components/ui/Input.vue'
@@ -177,13 +177,41 @@ async function testChannel(ch: Channel) {
   }
 }
 
-// 运行期冷却是网关进程内的状态，探测写的 health_status 看不到它，所以单独提示
+// 运行期冷却是网关进程内的状态，探测写的 health_status 看不到它，所以单独提示。
+// 冷却时长与触发条件都随失败原因变化（余额/配额类首次失败即 30 分钟，其余指数退避），
+// 不能再写死「/3」，也不能只给秒数。
+const cooldownReasonLabel: Record<string, string> = {
+  network: '网络/超时',
+  server_error: '上游 5xx',
+  rate_limited: '上游限流',
+  quota_exhausted: '余额/配额耗尽',
+}
+
+function cooldownReason(ch: Channel): string {
+  const r = ch.cooldown_reason ?? ''
+  return cooldownReasonLabel[r] ?? r
+}
+
 function runtimeHint(ch: Channel): string {
-  if (ch.cooldown_seconds > 0) return `冷却中 ${ch.cooldown_seconds}s`
-  if (ch.runtime_fails > 0) return `连续失败 ${ch.runtime_fails}/3`
+  if (ch.cooldown_seconds > 0) {
+    const reason = cooldownReason(ch)
+    const base = `冷却中 ${fmtDur(ch.cooldown_seconds)}`
+    if (isQuotaCooldown(ch)) return `${base} · ${reason}，需充值或换 key`
+    return reason ? `${base} · ${reason}` : base
+  }
+  if (ch.runtime_fails > 0) {
+    const reason = cooldownReason(ch)
+    return reason ? `连续失败 ${ch.runtime_fails} 次 · ${reason}` : `连续失败 ${ch.runtime_fails} 次`
+  }
   return ''
 }
 
+// 余额/配额耗尽是唯一的「重试不会自愈」场景：冷却结束也经常还是坏的，值得到管理员面前
+// 直接点出来（充值或换 key），而不是让他等 30 分钟再看。
+function isQuotaCooldown(ch: Channel): boolean {
+  return ch.cooldown_seconds > 0 && ch.cooldown_reason === 'quota_exhausted'
+}
+
 function needRecover(ch: Channel): boolean {
   return ch.cooldown_seconds > 0 || ch.health_status !== 'healthy'
 }